Patent Medicines: Strong Stuff!

by Jacquie Rogers
Copyright © 2009-2011 Jacquie Rogers

The labels carried wild promises but no list of ingredients. Patent medicines were ubiquitous in the 1800s, partly because medical science had made advances and partly because the search for health exceeded medical science's capabilities.  What a goldmine for stories!

These elixirs, creams, and compresses were made from any number of ingredients, ranging from vegetable juice to narcotics. Remember, there were no drug laws in the USA until after the turn of the 20th Century. When a patient took a dose of patent medicine, he or she could be taking opium, alcohol, mandrake, belladonna, marijuana, or extracts from hellebore, henbane, datura, and hemlock.

The term "patent medicine" refers to a product with a proprietary list of ingredients and sold directly to the public, not that the medicine was patented. Some of these products originated as old family recipes, but some manufacturers were a bit more mercenary in the development of their tonics. The quest for the almighty dollar soon surpassed any anecdotal or scientific basis for these medicines, and the patent medicine business became a huge economic force.


Tired of Viagra ads? Believe me, these ads certainly aren't new. Here's one of my favorite patent medicine ads, taken from The Owyhee Avalanche in the 1880s:



*************************************
LOST MANHOOD RESTORED
*************************************

THE DR. LIEBIG Private Dispensary
400 Geary St. San Francisco, Cal
Conducted by qualified physicians and surgeons--regular graduates. The Oldest Specialists in the United States, whose LIFE-LONG EXPERIENCE, perfect method and pure medicine, insure SPEEDY and PERMANENT CURES of all Private Chronic and Nervous Diseases. Affections of the Blood, Skin, Kidneys, Bladder, Eruptions, Ulcers, Old Sores, Swelling of the Glands, Sore Mouth, Throat, permanently cured and eradicated from the system for life. NERVOUS Debility, Impotency, Seminal Losses, Sexual Decay, Mental and Physical Weakness, Failing Memory, Weak Eyes, Stunted Development, Impediments to Marriage, etc. from excesses or youthful follies, or any cause, speedily, safely and privately cured.

Young, Middle-Aged and Old men, and all who need medical skill and experience, consult the old European Physician at once. His opinion costs nothing and may save future misery and shame. When inconvenient to visit the city for treatment, medicines can be sent everywhere by express, free from observation. It is self-evident that a physician who gives his whole attention to a class of diseases attains great skill, and physicians throughout the country, knowing this, frequently recommend difficult cases to the Oldest Specialist, by whom every Known good remedy is used. The Doctor's Age and experience make his opinion of Supreme Importance.

...and it goes on and on!  I couldn't resist this one--yes, I used it in Much Ado About Marshals.  I managed to squeeze in a few more, too.  Hostetter's Stomach Bitters was another favorite.  But the cash cow would soon be dried up.  Abuse of such strong ingredients couldn't go on.


The patent medicine industry was brought to its knees shortly after the turn of the 20th Century. From the Food and Drug Administration:

A few muckraking journalists helped expose the red clauses, the false testimonials, the nostrums laden with harmful ingredients, the unfounded cures for cancer, tuberculosis, syphilis, narcotic addiction, and a host of other serious as well as self-limited diseases. The most influential work in this genre was the series by Samuel Hopkins Adams that appeared in Collier's on October 7, 1905, entitled "The Great American Fraud." Adams published ten articles in the series, which concluded in February 1906; he followed it up with another series on doctors who advertised fake clinics. The shocking stories of the patent medicine menace were accompanied by startling images, such as "Death's Laboratory."

Good health to you!

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Anna Kathryn Lanier: Frontier Medicine

by Anna Kathryn Lanier

Copyright © 2010-2011 Anna Kathryn Lanier

Hi, Jacquie! Thanks for having me today. A condensed version of this post appeared on Seduced by History blog in April, 2010. However, I added to it for this post, especially the parts from Mrs. Child's book The Family Nurse, a book I recommend for anyone writing in the 1800s who wants to understand the medical mentality of the time.

Frontier Medicine

In my novella Salvation Bride, the heroine, Laura Ashton Slade is a trained physician. At the time, the late 19th century, several medical schools did allow females to study medicine. Laura, however, learned the old-fashion way. She apprenticed under her Uncle John, a university trained doctor. In my work in progress, a wagon train story, the heroine is a healer/midwife trained by her mother.

It is highly likely that a trained doctor and a home-taught healer would have had the same drugs, herbs and cures in their medical bag. In fact, the same medicines would probably have been found in a home medicine chest of a frontier mother, where healers where far and few between and doctors even more so.

The doctor's, healer's and mother's medicine chests would have contained such items as those listed in Bleed, Blister, and Purge by Volney Steele, M.D. and recommended by Mrs. Child in her book The Family Nurse first published in 1837. Dr. Steele lists such remedies as "feverfew, fleabane, boneset, rhubarb, Oak of Jerusalem, thyme [and] marjoram," (page 138). A few store-bought items would also be included: Opium tincture or laudanum and whiskey for pain and surgeon's plaster to bind broken limbs.

Mrs. Child suggests that "every family ought to keep a chest of common medicines, such as ipecac, castor oil, magnesia, paregoric, &c.; and especially such remedies as are useful in croup." (p 80). Her other suggested medicines include: carbonate of magnesia for ‘an acid state of the stomach,' senna as a diuretic, aloes which is ‘a warm, stimulating purgative,' sulphate of iron is 'an approved emmenagogue,' wormwood ‘has a great reputation as a tonic bitter for debilitated stomachs,' ginger is 'good for dyspepsia and flatulence."

A doctor, as well as a home-trained healer, would know how to make poultices to relieve pain, help heal burns and possibly how to prevent or abort a pregnancy. She'd know how make plaster of mustard to "ease the ache of bruises, arthritis, and pleurisy." She might even apply sugar to wounds, once commonly known to dry out a fresh wound and inhibit the growth of bacteria. (p 143, Bleed, Blister and Purge).

No matter how well trained or even how they were trained, the physicians and healers of the time had little understanding of common diseases that we have today. Cholera was the most common and the deadliest disease to sweep through a wagon train or western settlement. It wasn't understood at the time that cholera was caused by contaminated drinking water. The best way to fight the disease is to replace fluids "volume to volume" as the patient suffered from severe diarrhea. However, this treatment was not well known.

Mrs. Child's book shows how little understood the disease was at the time. She suggests "Gentle purgatives are generally employed in preference of emetics." In other words, make them purge the bowels instead of vomiting, when, in fact, neither should have been done. Opium, if available, was also given to the cholera patient to "relieve the pain and slow down the increased bowel action and cramps," (p 80, Bleed, Blister and Purge).

Diphtheria, measles, small pox and scarlet fever were all deadly diseases, especially among children, found on the frontier. Diphtheria, in particular, was the most dreaded. Highly contagious, a single case could start an epidemic, resulting in a high number of children dying when a "pseudo-membrane in the throat and pharynx...obstructed the windpipe and shut off air to the lungs." If the child survived this, she might still die from heart failure, caused when a potent toxin was secreted that effected the heart, (p 264, Bleed, Blister and Purge).

One often overlooked disease on the westward trails was scurvy, which was almost as deadly to the immigrants as cholera. With a common diet of corn meal, flour, beans and boiled or salted beef and few fresh vegetables and fruit, scurvy ran rampant in the West. Scurvy affects the overall health of the patient, causing extreme fatigue, nausea, pain in the muscles and joints of the body, bleeding of the gums (oftentimes resulting in the loss of teeth) and hair and skin become dry. The simple cure for scurvy is the intake of Vitamin C, but the correlation between diet and scurvy was not discovered until the late 1800s. Ironically, a common native plant along the trail, watercress, was full of Vitamin C and would have been a simple cure to this disease. Many immigrants thought of watercress as a weed and didn't eat it, though it was often in abundance along the trail.

To understand the magnitude of sickness and death on the journey, one only needs to look at the diaries written by those brave souls who made the journey. In Covered Wagon Women, 1840-1849 by Kenneth Holmes, two women note such occurrences. Anna King, on page 42, relates, "I wrote to you at Fort Larim that the whooping cough and measles went through our camp, and after we took the new route a slow, lingering fever prevailed….Eight of our two families have gone to their long home. Upwards to fifty died on the new route."

Sallie Hester reports "We had two deaths in our train within the past week of cholera – young men going West to seek their fortune. We buried them on the banks of the Blue River, far from home and friends," (page 237).

By today's standards, medicine in the 19th Century was crude in the best of hospitals. On the frontier, it was downright rudimentary. As much as I'd love to give my heroines insight to the knowledge we have now, I shall have to resist and let them heal their patience with the remedies tired and true at the times.

Visit my website and blog for other frontier information.

I'll give away a copy of Salvation Bride, a best-selling ebook from The Wild Rose Press, to one lucky commenter. Another lucky person will win free registration for my August workshop:

Pioneering Women of the West.

August 1-31, 2011

Hearts Through History RWA's Campus

The West was discovered by men looking for adventure and fortune. But it was civilized by women who brought families, schools, churches, and stability to the area.

In Pioneering Women of the West, you'll learn about the western movement, the treacherous journey hundreds of thousands people took and of the lives of specific women who helped shape the West, intentionally or not. Some women went looking for a better life; others followed their man into the wilderness.

There will be three lectures a week, with time for questions and answers and additional research on the participants' part.

Drawing for both prizes will be held at 10pm Central Time on Saturday, July 30. 

One Romancing The West Follower will receive a $25 Amazon gift certificate.  Drawing for that is July 31 at 10pm Pacific Time.